GEOLOGISTS' EXAMINATION, 2012
The Union Public Service commission will hold the Geologists' Examination 2012 commencing from 1st December, 2012 for recruitment to following posts Geologist in various departments of Government of India. The examination will be held at various centres across the country.
The Union Public Service commission will hold the Geologists' Examination 2012 commencing from 1st December, 2012 for recruitment to following posts Geologist in various departments of Government of India. The examination will be held at various centres across the country.
- Geologist Group A : 300 posts in Geological Survey of India, Age : 21-32 years as on 01/08/2012
- Assistant Geologist Grade-I Group B : 67 posts in Geological Survey of India, Age : 21-32 years as on 01/08/2012
- Jr. Hydrogeologists (Scientist B) Group A : 03 posts in Central Ground Water Board, Age : 21-35 years as on 01/08/2012
- Assistant Hydrogeologists Group B : 12 posts in Central Ground Water Board, Age : 21-30 years as on 01/08/2012
Educational Qualifications: A candidate must hold (i) Master's
Degree in Geology or Applied Geology or Marine Geology from a recognised
University or (ii) Master's Degree in Mineral Exploration or (iii)
Master's Degree in Hydrology or (iv) Diploma of Associateship in Applied
Geology of the Indian School of Mines, Dhanbad.
(B) Physical Standards: candidates must be physically fit
according to the physical standards for Indian Geologist's Examination,
2009 as prescribed in the detailed advertisement.
Fee : Candidates (excepting Female/SC/ST/ PH who are exempted
from payment of fee) are required to pay a fee of Rs. 200/- either by
depositing the money in any Branch of SBI by cash, or by using net
banking facility of SBI, State Bank of Bikaner & Jaipur/ State Bank
of Hyderabad/State Bank of Mysore/ State Bank of Patiala/ State Bank of
Travancore or by using Visa/Master Credit/ Debit Card.
How to Apply : Apply Online at UPSC website http://upsconline.nic.in/
How to Apply : Apply Online at UPSC website http://upsconline.nic.in/
Complete details are available at the UPSC website at http://upsc.gov.in/exams/
Syllabus & Exam Pattern
1. The examination shall be conducted according to the following Plan : Part I. - Written examination in the subjects as set out in para 2 below. Part II. - Interview for personality Test of such candidates as may be called by the Commission, carrying a maximum of 200 marks.
2. The following will be the subjects for the written examination :
Sl. Subject Duration Maximum Marks
------------------------------------------------------
1) General English 3 hrs 100
2) Geology Paper I 3 hrs 200
3) Geology Paper II 3 hrs 200
4) Geology Paper III, 3 hrs 200
5) Hydrogeology 3 hrs 200
3
Note:- Candidates competing for posts under both Category I and Category II will be required to offer all the five subjects mentioned above. Candidates competing for posts under Category I only will be required to offer subjects at (1) to (4) above and candidates competing for posts under Category II only will be required to offer subjects at (1) to (3) and (5) above.
3. THE EXAMINATION IN ALL THE SUBJECTS WILL BE OF CONVENTIONAL (ESSAY) TYPE.
4. All Question papers must be answered in English. The Question Papers will be set in English only.
5. The standard and syllabus of the examination will be as shown in the Schedule.
6. Candidates must write the papers in their own hand. In no circumstances will they be allowed the help of a scribe to write answers for them.
7. The Commission have discretion to fix qualifying marks in any or all the subjects of the examination.
8. If a candidate’s handwriting is not easily legible, deduction will be made on this account from the total marks otherwise accruing to him/her.
9. Marks will not be allotted for mere superficial knowledge.
10. Credit will be given for orderly, effective and exact expression combined with due economy of words in all subjects of the examination.
11. In the question papers wherever necessary, questions involving the Metric System of Weights and Measures only will be set.
12. Candidates should use only International form of Indian numerals (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc) while answering question papers.
13. Candidates are permitted to bring and use battery operated pocket calculators for answering papers in this examination. Loaning or inter-changing of calculators in the Examination Hall is not permitted.
14. Interview for Personality Test : The candidate will be interviewed by a Board of competent and unbiased observers who will have before them a record of his/ her career. The object of the interview is to assess his/her suitability for the posts for which he/she has competed. Special attention will be paid in the Personality Test to assessing the candidate’s capacity for leadership, initiative and intellectual curiosity, tact and other social qualities, mental and physical energy, powers of practical application, integrity of character and aptitude for adapting themselves to the field life.
SCHEDULE STANDARD AND SYLLABUS
The standard of the paper in General English will be such as may be expected of a science graduate. The papers on geological subjects will be approximately of the M.Sc. degree standard of an Indian University and questions will generally be set to test the candidate’s grasp of the fundamentals in each subject. There will be no practical examination in any of the subjects.
(1) GENERAL ENGLISH
Candidate will be required to write a short Essay in English. Other questions will be designed to test their under standing of English and workmanlike use of words.
(2) GEOLOGY - PAPER I Section A : Geomorphology and Remote Sensing.
Basic principles. Weathering and soils, Mass wasting. Influence of climate on processes. Concept of erosion cycles. Geomorphology of fluvial tracts, arid zones, coastal regions, ‘Karst’ landscapes and glaciated ranges. Geomorphic mapping, slope analysis and drainage basin analysis. Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering, hydrology and environmental studies. Topographical maps. Geomorphology of India.
Concepts and principles of aerial photography and photogrammetry, satellite remote sensing — data products and their interpretation. Digital image processing. Remote-sensing in landform and land use mapping, structural mapping, hydrogeological studies and mineral exploration. Global and Indian Space Missions. Geographic Information System (GIS) — principles and applications.
Section B : Structural Geology
Principles of geological mapping and map reading, projection diagrams. Stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials. Measurement of strain in deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Structural analysis of folds, cleavages, lineations, joints and faults. Superposed deformation. Mechanism of folding and faulting. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation. Unconformities and basement-cover relations. Structural behaviour of igneous rocks, diapirs and salt domes. Introduction to petrofabrics.
Section C : Geotectonics
Earth and the solar system, Meteorites and other extra-terrestrial materials, Planetary evolution of the earth and its internal structure. Heterogeneity of the earth’s crust. Major tectonic features of the Oceanic and Continental crust. Continental drift — geological and geophysical evidence, mechanics, objections, present status. Gravity and magnetic anomalies at Mid-ocean ridges, deep sea trenches, continental shield areas and mountain chains. Palaeomagnetism. Seafloor spreading and Plate Tectonics. Island arcs, Oceanic islands and volcanic arcs. Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Seismic belts of the earth. Seismicity and plate movements. Geodynamics of the Indian plate.
Section D : Stratigraphy
Nomenclature and the modern stratigraphic code. Radioisotopes and measuring geological time. Geological time-scale. Stratigraphic procedures of correlation of unfossiliferous rocks. Precambrian stratigraphy of India. Stratigraphy of the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations of India. Gondwana system and Gondwanaland. Rise of the Himalaya and evolution of Siwalik basin. Deccan Volcanics. Quaternary Stratigraphy. Rock record, palaeoclimates and palaeogeography.
Section E : Palaeontology
Fossil record and geological time-scale. Morphology and time-ranges of fossil groups. Evolutionary changes in molluscs and mammals in geological time. Principles of evolution. Use of species and genera of foraminifera and echinodermata in biostratigraphic correlation. Siwalik vertebrate fauna and Gondwana flora, evidence of life in Precambrian times, different microfossil groups and their distribution in India.
(3) GEOLOGY - PAPER II
Section A : Mineralogy
Physical, chemical and crystallographic characteristics of common rock forming silicate mineral groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and halide groups.
Optical properties of common rock forming silicate minerals, uniaxial and biaxial minerals. Extinction angles, pleochroism, birefringence of minerals and their relation with mineral composition. Twinned crystals. Dispersion. Application of universal stage (4 axes/5 axes) in determining optical properties.
Section B : Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Forms, textures and structures of igneous rocks. Silicate melt equilibria, binary and pernery phase diagrams. Petrology and geotectonic evolution of granites, basalts, andesites and alkaline rocks. Petrology of gabbros, kimberlites, anorthosites and carbonatites. Origin of primary basic magmas. Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks. Regional and contact metamorphism of pelitic and impure calcareous rocks. Mineral assemblages equilibrium/Reaction textures and geo-thermo barometry. Experimental and thermodynamic appraisal of metamorphic reactions. Characteristics of different grades and facies of metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitization, migmatites. Plate tectonics and metamorphic zones. Paired metamorphic belts.
Section C : Sedimentology
Provenance and diagenesis of sediments. Sedimentary textures. Framework matrix and cement of terrigenous sediments. Definition, measurement and interpretation of grain size. Elements of hydraulics. Primary structures, palaeocurrent analysis. Biogenic and chemical sedimentary structures. Sedimentary environment and facies. Facies modelling for marine, non-marine and mixed sediments. Tectonics and sedimentation. Classification and definition of sedimentary basins, Sedimentary basins of India. Cyclic sediments. Seismic and sequence stratigraphy. Purpose and scope of basin analysis. Structure contours and isopach maps.
Section D : Geochemistry
Earth in relation to the solar system and universe, cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites. Structure and composition of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elementary crystal chemistry and thermodynamics. Introduction to isotope geochemistry. Geochemistry of hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. Geochemical cycle and principles of geochemical prospecting.
Section E : Environmental Geology
Concepts and principles. Natural hazards — preventive/precautionary measures
— floods, landslides, earthquakes, river and coastal erosion. Impact assessment
of anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, open cast mining and quarrying,
river-valley projects, disposal of industrial and radio-active waste, excess
withdrawal of ground water, use of fertilizers, dumping of ores, mine waste and
fly-ash. Organic and inorganic contamination of ground water and their remedial
measures. Soil degradation and remedial measures. Environment protection —
legislative measures in India.
(4) GEOLOGY - PAPER III
Section A : Indian mineral deposits and mineral economics
Occurrence and distribution in India of metalliferous deposits — base metals, iron, manganese, aluminium, chromium, nickel, gold, silver, molybdenum. Indian deposits of non-metals — mica, asbestos, barytes, gypsum, graphite, apatite and beryl. Gemstones, refractory minerals, abrasives and minerals used in glass, fertilizer, paint, ceramic and cement industries. Building stones. Phosphorite deposits. Placer deposits, rare earth minerals.
Strategic, critical and essential minerals. India’s status in mineral production. Changing patterns of mineral consumption. National Mineral Policy. Mineral Concession Rules. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
Section B : Ore genesis
Ore deposits and ore minerals. Magmatic processes of mineralisation. Porphyry, skarn and hydrothermal mineralisation. Fluid inclusion studies. Mineralisation associated with — (i) ultramafic, mafic and acidic rocks, (ii) greenstone belts, (iii) komatiites, anorthosites and kimberlites and (iv) submarine volcanism. Magma-related mineralisation through geological time. Stratiform and stratabound ores. Ores and metamorphism — cause and effect relations.
Section C : Mineral exploration
Methods of surface and subsurface exploration, prospecting for economic minerals
— drilling, sampling and assaying. Geophysical techniques — gravity, electrical,
magnetic, airborne and seismic. Geomorphological and remote sensing techniques.
Geobotanical and geochemical methods. Borehole logging and surveys for deviation.
Section D : Geology of fuels
Definition, origin of coal. Stratigraphy of coal measures. Fundamentals of coal petrology, peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal. Microscopic constituents
of coal. Industrial application of coal petrology. Indian coal deposits. Diagenesis
of organic materials.
Origin, migration and entrapment of natural hydorcarbons. Characters of source
and reservoir rocks. Structural, stratigraphic and mixed traps. Techniques of
exploration. Geographical and geological distributions of onshore and offshore
petroliferous basins of India.
Mineralogy and geochemistry of radioactive minerals. Instrumental techniques of
detection and measurement of radioactivity. Radioactive methods for prospecting
and assaying of mineral deposits. Distribution of radioactive minerals in India.
Radioactive methods in petroleum exploration — well logging techniques. Nuclear
waste disposal — geological constraints.
Section E : Engineering Geology
Mechanical properties of rocks and soils. Geological investigations for river valley projects — Dams and reservoirs; tunnels — types, methods and problems. Bridges — types and foundation problems. Shoreline engineering. Landslides — classification, causes, prevention and rehabilitation. Concrete aggregates — sources, alkali-aggregate reaction. Aseismic designing — seismicity in India and earthquake-resistant structures. Problems of groundwater in engineering projects. Geotechnical case studies of major projects in India.
(5) HYDROGEOLOGY Section A: Origin, occurrence and distribution of water
Origin of water: meteroic, juvenile, magmatic and sea waters, Hydrologic cycle: precipitation, runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration, Hydrographs. Subsurface movement and vertical distribution of groundwater, Springs, Classification of aquifers, Concepts of drainage basin and groundwater basin. hydrological properties of rocks – specific yield, specific retention, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, storage coefficient, water table fluctuations – causative factors, concept of barometric and tidal efficiencies, water table contour maps, Classification of rocks with respect to their water bearing characteristics, Hydro-stratigraphic units, Groundwater provinces of India, Hydrogeology of and Zones of India, wet lands.
Section B: Well hydraulies and well design
Theory of groundwater flow, Darey’s Law and its applications, determination of permeability in laboratory and in field, Types of wells, drilling methods, construction, design, development and maintenance of wells, specific capacity and its determination. Unconfined, confined, steady, unsteady and radial flow conditions, Pumps tests – methods, data analysis and interpretation for hydrogeologic boundaries, Evaluation of aquifer parameters using Thiem, Theis, Jacob and Walton methods, Groundwater modeling – numerical and electrical models.
Section C: Groundwater chemistry
Groundwater quality – physical and chemical properties of water, quality criteria for different uses, graphical presentation of water quality data, groundwater quality in different provinces of India – problems of arsenic and fluoride, Saline water intrusion in coastal and other aquifers and its prevention, Radioisotopes in hydrogeological studies, Groundwater contamination.
Section D: Groundwater exploration
Geological – lithological and structural mapping, fracture trace analysis, Hydrogeological – lithological classification with respect of hydrologic properties, Hydraulic continuity in relation to geologic structures, Location of springs Remote sensing – hydrogeomorphic mapping of the terrain using different images of different satellite missions, lineament mapping, shallow groundwater potential zone mapping using satellite images, Surface geophysical methods – seismic, gravity, geo-electrical and magnetic, Subsurface geophysical methods – well logging for delineation of aquifers and estimation of water quality.
Section E: Groundwater problems and management.
Groundwater problems related to foundation work, mining, canals and tunnels, Problems of over exploitation and groundwater mining. Groundwater development in urban areas and rain water harvesting, Artificial recharge methods, Groundwater problems in arid regions and remediation. Groundwater balance and methods of estimation. Groundwater legislation. Sustainability criteria and managing renewable and nonrenewable groundwater resources.
2. The following will be the subjects for the written examination :
Sl. Subject Duration Maximum Marks
------------------------------------------------------
1) General English 3 hrs 100
2) Geology Paper I 3 hrs 200
3) Geology Paper II 3 hrs 200
4) Geology Paper III, 3 hrs 200
5) Hydrogeology 3 hrs 200
3
Note:- Candidates competing for posts under both Category I and Category II will be required to offer all the five subjects mentioned above. Candidates competing for posts under Category I only will be required to offer subjects at (1) to (4) above and candidates competing for posts under Category II only will be required to offer subjects at (1) to (3) and (5) above.
3. THE EXAMINATION IN ALL THE SUBJECTS WILL BE OF CONVENTIONAL (ESSAY) TYPE.
4. All Question papers must be answered in English. The Question Papers will be set in English only.
5. The standard and syllabus of the examination will be as shown in the Schedule.
6. Candidates must write the papers in their own hand. In no circumstances will they be allowed the help of a scribe to write answers for them.
7. The Commission have discretion to fix qualifying marks in any or all the subjects of the examination.
8. If a candidate’s handwriting is not easily legible, deduction will be made on this account from the total marks otherwise accruing to him/her.
9. Marks will not be allotted for mere superficial knowledge.
10. Credit will be given for orderly, effective and exact expression combined with due economy of words in all subjects of the examination.
11. In the question papers wherever necessary, questions involving the Metric System of Weights and Measures only will be set.
12. Candidates should use only International form of Indian numerals (e.g. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 etc) while answering question papers.
13. Candidates are permitted to bring and use battery operated pocket calculators for answering papers in this examination. Loaning or inter-changing of calculators in the Examination Hall is not permitted.
14. Interview for Personality Test : The candidate will be interviewed by a Board of competent and unbiased observers who will have before them a record of his/ her career. The object of the interview is to assess his/her suitability for the posts for which he/she has competed. Special attention will be paid in the Personality Test to assessing the candidate’s capacity for leadership, initiative and intellectual curiosity, tact and other social qualities, mental and physical energy, powers of practical application, integrity of character and aptitude for adapting themselves to the field life.
SCHEDULE STANDARD AND SYLLABUS
The standard of the paper in General English will be such as may be expected of a science graduate. The papers on geological subjects will be approximately of the M.Sc. degree standard of an Indian University and questions will generally be set to test the candidate’s grasp of the fundamentals in each subject. There will be no practical examination in any of the subjects.
(1) GENERAL ENGLISH
Candidate will be required to write a short Essay in English. Other questions will be designed to test their under standing of English and workmanlike use of words.
(2) GEOLOGY - PAPER I Section A : Geomorphology and Remote Sensing.
Basic principles. Weathering and soils, Mass wasting. Influence of climate on processes. Concept of erosion cycles. Geomorphology of fluvial tracts, arid zones, coastal regions, ‘Karst’ landscapes and glaciated ranges. Geomorphic mapping, slope analysis and drainage basin analysis. Applications of geomorphology in mineral prospecting, civil engineering, hydrology and environmental studies. Topographical maps. Geomorphology of India.
Concepts and principles of aerial photography and photogrammetry, satellite remote sensing — data products and their interpretation. Digital image processing. Remote-sensing in landform and land use mapping, structural mapping, hydrogeological studies and mineral exploration. Global and Indian Space Missions. Geographic Information System (GIS) — principles and applications.
Section B : Structural Geology
Principles of geological mapping and map reading, projection diagrams. Stress-strain relationships of elastic, plastic and viscous materials. Measurement of strain in deformed rocks. Behaviour of minerals and rocks under deformation conditions. Structural analysis of folds, cleavages, lineations, joints and faults. Superposed deformation. Mechanism of folding and faulting. Time-relationship between crystallization and deformation. Unconformities and basement-cover relations. Structural behaviour of igneous rocks, diapirs and salt domes. Introduction to petrofabrics.
Section C : Geotectonics
Earth and the solar system, Meteorites and other extra-terrestrial materials, Planetary evolution of the earth and its internal structure. Heterogeneity of the earth’s crust. Major tectonic features of the Oceanic and Continental crust. Continental drift — geological and geophysical evidence, mechanics, objections, present status. Gravity and magnetic anomalies at Mid-ocean ridges, deep sea trenches, continental shield areas and mountain chains. Palaeomagnetism. Seafloor spreading and Plate Tectonics. Island arcs, Oceanic islands and volcanic arcs. Isostasy, orogeny and epeirogeny. Seismic belts of the earth. Seismicity and plate movements. Geodynamics of the Indian plate.
Section D : Stratigraphy
Nomenclature and the modern stratigraphic code. Radioisotopes and measuring geological time. Geological time-scale. Stratigraphic procedures of correlation of unfossiliferous rocks. Precambrian stratigraphy of India. Stratigraphy of the Palaeozoic, Mesozoic and Cenozoic formations of India. Gondwana system and Gondwanaland. Rise of the Himalaya and evolution of Siwalik basin. Deccan Volcanics. Quaternary Stratigraphy. Rock record, palaeoclimates and palaeogeography.
Section E : Palaeontology
Fossil record and geological time-scale. Morphology and time-ranges of fossil groups. Evolutionary changes in molluscs and mammals in geological time. Principles of evolution. Use of species and genera of foraminifera and echinodermata in biostratigraphic correlation. Siwalik vertebrate fauna and Gondwana flora, evidence of life in Precambrian times, different microfossil groups and their distribution in India.
(3) GEOLOGY - PAPER II
Section A : Mineralogy
Physical, chemical and crystallographic characteristics of common rock forming silicate mineral groups. Structural classification of silicates. Common minerals of igneous and metamorphic rocks. Minerals of the carbonate, phosphate, sulphide and halide groups.
Optical properties of common rock forming silicate minerals, uniaxial and biaxial minerals. Extinction angles, pleochroism, birefringence of minerals and their relation with mineral composition. Twinned crystals. Dispersion. Application of universal stage (4 axes/5 axes) in determining optical properties.
Section B : Igneous and Metamorphic Petrology
Forms, textures and structures of igneous rocks. Silicate melt equilibria, binary and pernery phase diagrams. Petrology and geotectonic evolution of granites, basalts, andesites and alkaline rocks. Petrology of gabbros, kimberlites, anorthosites and carbonatites. Origin of primary basic magmas. Textures and structures of metamorphic rocks. Regional and contact metamorphism of pelitic and impure calcareous rocks. Mineral assemblages equilibrium/Reaction textures and geo-thermo barometry. Experimental and thermodynamic appraisal of metamorphic reactions. Characteristics of different grades and facies of metamorphism. Metasomatism and granitization, migmatites. Plate tectonics and metamorphic zones. Paired metamorphic belts.
Section C : Sedimentology
Provenance and diagenesis of sediments. Sedimentary textures. Framework matrix and cement of terrigenous sediments. Definition, measurement and interpretation of grain size. Elements of hydraulics. Primary structures, palaeocurrent analysis. Biogenic and chemical sedimentary structures. Sedimentary environment and facies. Facies modelling for marine, non-marine and mixed sediments. Tectonics and sedimentation. Classification and definition of sedimentary basins, Sedimentary basins of India. Cyclic sediments. Seismic and sequence stratigraphy. Purpose and scope of basin analysis. Structure contours and isopach maps.
Section D : Geochemistry
Earth in relation to the solar system and universe, cosmic abundance of elements. Composition of the planets and meteorites. Structure and composition of earth and distribution of elements. Trace elements. Elementary crystal chemistry and thermodynamics. Introduction to isotope geochemistry. Geochemistry of hydrosphere, biosphere and atmosphere. Geochemical cycle and principles of geochemical prospecting.
Section E : Environmental Geology
Concepts and principles. Natural hazards — preventive/precautionary measures
— floods, landslides, earthquakes, river and coastal erosion. Impact assessment
of anthropogenic activities such as urbanization, open cast mining and quarrying,
river-valley projects, disposal of industrial and radio-active waste, excess
withdrawal of ground water, use of fertilizers, dumping of ores, mine waste and
fly-ash. Organic and inorganic contamination of ground water and their remedial
measures. Soil degradation and remedial measures. Environment protection —
legislative measures in India.
(4) GEOLOGY - PAPER III
Section A : Indian mineral deposits and mineral economics
Occurrence and distribution in India of metalliferous deposits — base metals, iron, manganese, aluminium, chromium, nickel, gold, silver, molybdenum. Indian deposits of non-metals — mica, asbestos, barytes, gypsum, graphite, apatite and beryl. Gemstones, refractory minerals, abrasives and minerals used in glass, fertilizer, paint, ceramic and cement industries. Building stones. Phosphorite deposits. Placer deposits, rare earth minerals.
Strategic, critical and essential minerals. India’s status in mineral production. Changing patterns of mineral consumption. National Mineral Policy. Mineral Concession Rules. Marine mineral resources and Law of Sea.
Section B : Ore genesis
Ore deposits and ore minerals. Magmatic processes of mineralisation. Porphyry, skarn and hydrothermal mineralisation. Fluid inclusion studies. Mineralisation associated with — (i) ultramafic, mafic and acidic rocks, (ii) greenstone belts, (iii) komatiites, anorthosites and kimberlites and (iv) submarine volcanism. Magma-related mineralisation through geological time. Stratiform and stratabound ores. Ores and metamorphism — cause and effect relations.
Section C : Mineral exploration
Methods of surface and subsurface exploration, prospecting for economic minerals
— drilling, sampling and assaying. Geophysical techniques — gravity, electrical,
magnetic, airborne and seismic. Geomorphological and remote sensing techniques.
Geobotanical and geochemical methods. Borehole logging and surveys for deviation.
Section D : Geology of fuels
Definition, origin of coal. Stratigraphy of coal measures. Fundamentals of coal petrology, peat, lignite, bituminous and anthracite coal. Microscopic constituents
of coal. Industrial application of coal petrology. Indian coal deposits. Diagenesis
of organic materials.
Origin, migration and entrapment of natural hydorcarbons. Characters of source
and reservoir rocks. Structural, stratigraphic and mixed traps. Techniques of
exploration. Geographical and geological distributions of onshore and offshore
petroliferous basins of India.
Mineralogy and geochemistry of radioactive minerals. Instrumental techniques of
detection and measurement of radioactivity. Radioactive methods for prospecting
and assaying of mineral deposits. Distribution of radioactive minerals in India.
Radioactive methods in petroleum exploration — well logging techniques. Nuclear
waste disposal — geological constraints.
Section E : Engineering Geology
Mechanical properties of rocks and soils. Geological investigations for river valley projects — Dams and reservoirs; tunnels — types, methods and problems. Bridges — types and foundation problems. Shoreline engineering. Landslides — classification, causes, prevention and rehabilitation. Concrete aggregates — sources, alkali-aggregate reaction. Aseismic designing — seismicity in India and earthquake-resistant structures. Problems of groundwater in engineering projects. Geotechnical case studies of major projects in India.
(5) HYDROGEOLOGY Section A: Origin, occurrence and distribution of water
Origin of water: meteroic, juvenile, magmatic and sea waters, Hydrologic cycle: precipitation, runoff, infiltration and evapotranspiration, Hydrographs. Subsurface movement and vertical distribution of groundwater, Springs, Classification of aquifers, Concepts of drainage basin and groundwater basin. hydrological properties of rocks – specific yield, specific retention, porosity, hydraulic conductivity, transmissivity, storage coefficient, water table fluctuations – causative factors, concept of barometric and tidal efficiencies, water table contour maps, Classification of rocks with respect to their water bearing characteristics, Hydro-stratigraphic units, Groundwater provinces of India, Hydrogeology of and Zones of India, wet lands.
Section B: Well hydraulies and well design
Theory of groundwater flow, Darey’s Law and its applications, determination of permeability in laboratory and in field, Types of wells, drilling methods, construction, design, development and maintenance of wells, specific capacity and its determination. Unconfined, confined, steady, unsteady and radial flow conditions, Pumps tests – methods, data analysis and interpretation for hydrogeologic boundaries, Evaluation of aquifer parameters using Thiem, Theis, Jacob and Walton methods, Groundwater modeling – numerical and electrical models.
Section C: Groundwater chemistry
Groundwater quality – physical and chemical properties of water, quality criteria for different uses, graphical presentation of water quality data, groundwater quality in different provinces of India – problems of arsenic and fluoride, Saline water intrusion in coastal and other aquifers and its prevention, Radioisotopes in hydrogeological studies, Groundwater contamination.
Section D: Groundwater exploration
Geological – lithological and structural mapping, fracture trace analysis, Hydrogeological – lithological classification with respect of hydrologic properties, Hydraulic continuity in relation to geologic structures, Location of springs Remote sensing – hydrogeomorphic mapping of the terrain using different images of different satellite missions, lineament mapping, shallow groundwater potential zone mapping using satellite images, Surface geophysical methods – seismic, gravity, geo-electrical and magnetic, Subsurface geophysical methods – well logging for delineation of aquifers and estimation of water quality.
Section E: Groundwater problems and management.
Groundwater problems related to foundation work, mining, canals and tunnels, Problems of over exploitation and groundwater mining. Groundwater development in urban areas and rain water harvesting, Artificial recharge methods, Groundwater problems in arid regions and remediation. Groundwater balance and methods of estimation. Groundwater legislation. Sustainability criteria and managing renewable and nonrenewable groundwater resources.
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